Background:
With European Gas and Electricity prices trading like “Meme stonks”, it is time for another “panic post”. As always, these posts are mostly for myself in order to better structure my thoughts and educate myself and should not be seen as any kind of advice.
Just to quickly revisit the last post from part 3. One of my predictions back then with regard to the economic impact (unfortunately) aged quite well:
One explanation that I have read is that Russia and Ukraine are only 2% of Global GDP, so a “loss” of these countries is no big deal. Personally, I do think that this is not a very useful number. Russian oil and gas is powering a significant amount of European (and Global) GDP. A supply disruption from Russian oil and gas would impact a much larger share of GDP globally and might make Covid-19 supply chain disruption like a toddler party.
Turmoil in European Gas and Electricity markets:
The fact that European Gas and electricity markets face absolute mayhem has now clearly reached the headlines. I have stolen two Charts from Twitter(@Schuldensuehner), one showing electricity prices until yesterday, and one natural gas:
Despite a current pullback, levels both, for gas and electricity are somewhere between 10x and 20x higher than before the crisis and not sustainable.
Natural Gas prices are high because Russia is not delivering that much gas anymore, but why did Electricity prices explode as well ? As many of us have learned in the last few days, the main culprit especially for politicians is the European electricity market which works along the “Merit order”.
Merit order effect
The merit order effect can be explained as follows:
In the energy industry, the term ‘merit order’ describes the sequence in which power plants are designated to deliver power, with the aim of economically optimizing the electricity supply. The merit order is based on the lowest marginal costs.
and
The mechanism to determine the clearing price and volumes in a power exchange market is based on the merit order curve.
So in my own words, the price for electricity in this system is determined by the most expensive source that is required to fill a given level of demand.
With the recent spike in gas prices (see below), the discussion came up that Europe needs to move away from the Merit order system in order to “decouple” electricity prices from the gas price.
Interestingly, this discussion already started in March, with Spain and Portugal asking for an exemption, but among others, Germany and Netherlands, opposing this. Nevertheless, Spain and Portugal got their (temporary) exemption.
The weakness of that systems seems to be pretty clear: When the marginal cost for the most expensive source is very high, all the other producers receive significant windfall profits. The price derived from the Merit order principle doesn’t care about the average cost. This looks very unfair especially to the consumers, who pay extremely high prices in order to make a few people/organizations very wealthy.
So why are we using the Merit Order principle anyway ?
Before criticizing the Marginal pricing/merit order principle for the electricity market, one thing should be clear. This principle applies to almost all commodity market. This article explains quite well that Merit order/marginal pricing is simply the market determining the clearing price based on a given demand and supply.
Why should any producer sell a commodity at a lower price in the market if he knows that the buyers need to pay the higher price ?
And the next question is of course: Why use a market model anyway ? The answer is relatively simple: In theory, the market should work its magic by increasing supply and reducing demand at higher prices. In addition, for other commodities, prices are also buffered by inventory levels, i.e. players increase inventories at low prices and sell inventory at high prices.
The unique characteristics of the electricity market is that there is almost no relevant inventory. Nevertheless, for the past 15 years or so, the system worked quite well and kept (non-household) electricity prices relatively stable despite significant investment into Renewable Energy as this chart indicates
Such a market model also incentives producers to use the lowest cost production facilities in order to maximize their profits in addition to adding more low cost capacities.
When looking at a typical merit order sequence in the European electricity market, we can see that even in the past, gas was always the most expensive source: 
What also becomes clear is that especially for Germany, if you switch off Nuclear, you need to use more marginally expensive sources for generating electricity. the more you think about it, the more stupid it looks to switch off the Nuclear plant in this crisis environment.
So how does the “Spanish model” look like ?
As mentioned above, Spain and Portugal have been granted exemptions to the free market model already. This document here describes how they try to manage the situation:
The sustained increase in gas prices following Russia’s unjustified attack on Ukraine has led to higher electricity prices across the EU. In this context, in May 2022, Spain and Portugal notified to the Commission their intention to adopt a €8.4 billion measure (€6.3 billion for Spain and €2.1 billion for Portugal) to lower the input costs of fossil fuel-fired power stations with the aim of reducing their production costs and, ultimately, the price in the wholesale electricity market, to the benefit of consumers.
The measure will apply until 31 May 2023. The support will take the form of a payment that operates as a direct grant to electricity producers aimed at financing part of their fuel cost. The daily payment will be calculated based on the price difference between the market price of natural gas and a gas price cap set at an average of €48.8/MWh during the duration of the measure. More specifically, during the first six months of the application of the measure, the actual price cap will be set at €40/MWh. As of the seventh month, the price cap will increase by €5 per month, resulting in a price cap of €70/MWh in the twelfth month.
The measure will be financed by: (i) part of the so-called ‘congestion income’ (i.e. the income obtained by the Spanish Transmission System Operator as result of cross-border electricity trade between France and Spain), and (ii) a charge imposed by Spain and Portugal on buyers benefiting from the measure.
So the Government is paying Power produces the difference between the market price and a cap of at the beginning 40EUR/MWh. I think that didn’t look so bad in the beginning, but with current gas prices I am wondering, how long Spain and Portugal are able to do so. This is clearly an experiment with a short term impact but unknown long term effetcs.
The French model:
France in comparison has simply capped electricity prices until the end of 2022. That is relatively easy as most of the electricity supply in France is Government owned (EDF). And while they are at it, they decided to take EDF private in July to keep the losses in the family. For France, the cap is less of an issue as a significant part of their capacity is Nuclear with relatively low marginal prices. However, due to the maintenance of their Fleet, France needs to import a lot of electricity at the moment which will make this cap very expensive.
Other EU countries:
Other countries have introduced a variety of measures, mostly some subsidies and some extra taxes, but all of them rather short term oriented.
Summary of measures:
When looking at all these measures, the depressing fact is that all these measures assume that by the beginning of 2023 everything is back OK and they only treat the symptom (high electricity prices) and not the root cause (Natural gas consumption is higher than supply).
The Natural Gas market – German Government as a new, price insensitive buyer
So it is not exactly hot news, that very little gas is flowing from Russia. Nevertheless NatGas prices rallied significantly in the previous weeks, despite consumption being already a lot lower than in previous years.
On Monday, the German Minister of Economy and trade released some “great news”: German Gas storage levels are higher than initially planned and he expects Natural Gas prices to go down. So far so good.
What I found much more interesting is this part of his statement: “Das führe dazu, “dass wir nicht mehr für jeden Preis einkaufen werden. “ So what he is effectively saying is that up until the weekend, they were buying independent of any price level. What is not very well known in the public is the fact that as part of the new law for minimum levels of the German Gas storage sites, the German Government also awarded themselves the mandate to buy Natural Gas why a company called THE (Trading Hub Europe). THE is a private company owned by various Gas Transport networks.
To me it is not clear how much money they already spent but its seems to be at least something in the Neighborhood of 20 bn EUR. And as this is of course not their own money and they have “strategic goals”, no one cares about the price that the are paying.
In the German Wirtschaftswoche, there was an interesting interview with a German Energy trader who confirms the impact of Germany as a Gas buyer on electricity prices:
Und noch ein wichtiger Akteur ist auf dem Markt.
Wen meinen Sie?
Ich meine auf dem Gasmarkt. Über das Merit-Order-System hat der Gaspreis eine direkte Auswirkung auf den Strompreis. Und der Gaspreis ist zuletzt auch dadurch getrieben worden, dass die Trading Hub Europe, der Gasmarktverantwortliche in Deutschland, im Auftrag der Bundesregierung für bis zu 15 Milliarden Euro Gas einkauft, um die Speicher zu füllen. Das hat durchaus Auswirkungen. Das kommt meiner Meinung nach zu kurz in der Diskussion.
So just to reiterate this point: The German Government as a buyer has been pushing up the price of natural gas thorough its price insensitive purchases. This in turn increases the price of Electricity and this triggers the wish to dismantle the “unfair” current system. Congratulations.
More Government interventions on the way
What becomes more and more clear is that every one action of the Government leads to some effects which in turn require more Government intervention and so forth.
It all started with Putin declaring war and sanctions, but now we seem to be spiraling into Government intervention overdrive. Due to rising Natural gas prices, the German Government had introduced a “Gasumlage” which it has now to change again. Then it had to bail out Uniper again, then it will need to bail out either local utilities, retail customers or both.
The pain is spreading to other countries. Energie Wien, a local Austrian utility seems to be short 10 bn EUR or more. Poland seems to be short some significant amounts of Natural Gas as well for the winter.
However the EU wants to dismantle the Electricity market that has worked quite well for the past 15-20 years or so with unknown long term impact. And of course everyone one wants to tax those evil Renewable Energy operators who earn these obscene amounts of unjustified profits.
All of these actions however do little to address the actual problem or might actually create the opposite effect: Demand needs to be lower and supply needs to be increased.
With regard to demand reduction, my favorite piece advice is that of Mr. Kretschmer, the Green Prime Minister of the State Baden Wuerthemberg, who recommended to wash oneself only with washcloth instead of showering, after mentioning that he of course owns a solar PV roof and a wood pellet heating.
What I am missing is a structured plan with clear incentives to save energy in significant amounts and some coordination at European level.
Waiting for Magic to happen in 2023
Everyone now is focusing on how to “survive” the winter 2022/2023, most measure are very short term. Implicitly everyone seems to believe that all problems are going away in Spring 2023.
However I am not so sure. Yes, hopefully already at year end, two new LNG terminals should be up and running,with more of them coming, provided that all the LNG can be bought including the shipping capacity. However few large infrastructure projects in Germany have been completed in time in the past few years. Also, these Terminals, at least not the first two cannot fully replace the Russian gas. And when the storage is empty in Spring, the same cycle begins as well.
So for some time in the foreseeable future, Natural Gas will be a very scarce commodity in Europe. However almost all of the Government actions are only targeting the short term symptoms.
My inflation rate is not your inflation rate & time lags
Another observation that I make on a personal level is, that contrary to for instance food or petrol, price increases in electricity and gas hit people very differently on an individual basis and with a significant time lags.
Personally for instance, i have not received any notice from my local utility on any electricity price increase and for reasons out of my control, I am heating with wood pellets, where I was able to fill up my still in February at an acceptable price.
So far I do not know anyone personally whose bills have gone up 10x, but for some friends, bills and monthly installments are starting to increase significantly.
I am not yet sure what impact that will have on social cohesion and this will add a lot of uncertainty for the next months /years.
Summary:
To be honest, I have the feeling that I could barely scratch the surface of this topic. But still the question remains: what are the implications of all those observations above ?
My gut feeling is, that similar to the beginning of the Ukraine war, again, this will not be over as quickly as many people think. Maybe we have seen a peak in the European Wholesale prices for some time, but the demand / supply imbalance for natural gas will not go away by Government intervention into a quite well functioning electricity market, maybe even the opposite.
Also the effects on German and European household incomes will only materialize over a longer period of time.
Our politicians seem to be in populist “activity” mode which might make things worse before they get better.
From a lot of people I hear the question: “How can I profit from high electricity /Natural gas prices ?”. For me the better question would be: “How will I not get hurt badly by longer than expected turmoil in energy markets ?”.
I might be wrong, but I think it is still better to play defense for some time to come instead of trying to Yolo into the next opportunity.
For the portfolio, I already reduced my positions in German Renewable stocks in the beginning of the week, with the exception of ABO Wind. I am really worried of some kind of stupid “Robin Hood tax” for renewable producers.
Also, I think one still should be very cautious with regard to energy intensive businesses with little pricing power and discretionary consumer goods. I would be also very cautious with leveraged residential real estate as the real pain for renters will just start. I now it is boring, but “quality remains king”.
Stay safe & stay warm.
